Word: caste
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...same part is cast instead of forged, it weighs only 11 lb. before machining, because molten metal can be poured into nooks & crannies where no trip hammer can force it. So only 5 lb.-about one-third as much-of steel remain to be tooled away. Result: a 35% saving in skilled man-hours (according to Metallurgist Carl F. Joseph of General Motors), plus a corresponding 35% increase in the capacity of machine tools...
...Castings began to replace forgings on a big scale in 1932 when Ford first poured V-8 crankshafts instead of hammering them. Since then 10,000,000 Ford crankshafts have been cast with such success that many another part is made in the same way. But the trend toward casting did not get up real speed until many foundrymen last year began to fear that war contracts, escorted by priorities, would pass them by without...
...Armor. Casting U.S. tank turrets and hulls, heretofore riveted or welded together from steel plate, gets rid of another traditional prejudice against cast steel: that it couldn't successfully be toughened by heating and quenching. About one-third of U.S. tanks are now built of cast armor, and all of them would be, if foundry and machining facilities were adequate...
Abolition of the automobile industry might well have closed down a midwestern auto specialties plant had not this foundry begun casting 60-mm. U.S. and 3-in. British mortar shells, a practice unthinkable in World War I. Mortar shells must be of precise dimensions and exacting metallic analysis so they will burst into fragments not too large & not too small to insure maximum bloodshed. Hence they had always been forged, and many an ordnance officer swore they couldn't be cast: cast steel is full of pores and bubbles, it shrinks in its molds to nonuniform sizes, its metallic...
Centrifugally cast cylinder barrels will be used in all of Ford's Pratt & Whitney engines by this month's end. Both Army and Pratt & Whitney engineers-mindful of the old cast-iron stove lid, which was almost as brittle as glass-were leary of steel castings until Ford testers showed that, while forged barrels burst at 5,000 to 7,000 lb. per sq. in., centrifugally cast barrels burst at 9,000 to 10,000 lb. "Moreover," said a Ford engineer last week, "$10,000 worth of centrifugal dies will turn out as many cylinder barrel blanks...