Word: causal
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...keep it short: The link between race and HIV infection is correlatory, not causal. However, sex between one HIV-positive and one HIV-negative partner is much more likely to result in transmission if both partners are male than if one is male and the other female (and even less likely if they are both female). Finally, the comparison between race and sexuality fails because it fails to see the difference between sexual activity and sexual orientation. Given Harvard's social scene, there is a tremendous gap between these two terms, regardless of whether one is dealing with homosexuals...
...industry's confession of decades of malfeasance, misfeasance and nonfeasance. True, most smokers have grasped that they were flirting with grave health consequences, but their awareness owed no thanks to the industry. Its Council for Tobacco Research and in-house scientists failed to undertake serious, sustained inquiry into the causal links between smoking and disease formation (no doubt out of fear that what they might find would put them out of business). Its Tobacco Institute picked apart every new Surgeon General's report and trivialized the damning findings of dedicated independent public-health investigators. And its executives, in what amounted...
...people in their public lives for their private activities, and yet I cannot avoid being frustrated when I consider Reubens' fate in the context of those of other famous figures. Senator Edward M. Kennedy '54-'56 and actor Matthew Broderick each played an intimate and condemnable part in a causal chain that resulted in the death of a human being. Star of "Frasier" Kelsey Grammar has been arrested more times for drug charges than I care to count. None of these men has seen his career suffer...
...biology watcher for many years and a professional in pain management, I'd like to sound a note of caution regarding the dopamine hypothesis of addiction. What is known about the relationship among dopamine, brain content and addictive behavior is associative, not causal. Even those of us who are advocates of greater understanding of neurotransmitter mechanisms in human behavior do not see the situation as "simpler than anyone has dared imagine." As our attempts at interdiction and control demonstrate, there is a flaw in advocating simple solutions to complex problems: the solutions are usually wrong. PHILIP C. CORY, M.D. President...
Carriers of the Huntington's disease gene have fewer options. The Huntington's gene is causal, which means that people with even a single copy of it are invariably doomed to a lingering, unpleasant death from an illness that is as yet incurable. This also means that the test results will sound either a death sentence or a reprieve--a fact that must be made clear during pretest counseling, says Nancy Wexler, the Columbia University clinical psychologist whose research led to the discovery of the Huntington's gene. Because of their decision to take the test, she says, some...