Word: causally
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...experiment was worth the trouble. Although it has long been known that there was an association between poor sleep and depression, the researchers were able to take the link an important step further. They were able to measure what scientists call a dose response. This one suggests a causal relationship between the severity of a sleep disorder and the odds of becoming depressed. After adjusting for age and gender, the scientists found that patients with minimal breathing disorders were 1.6 times as likely to become depressed as those without. Those with mild cases were twice as likely, and those with...
...undergraduates, graduate students, and law school students in its first meeting on Wednesday. They will listen to experts who have testified in related cases and split into three groups to make recommendations in the final report for debates on climate change, evolution and intelligent design, and the causal relationship between tobacco and cancer. The report will be accessible to the public via the Internet...
...premature death only at the two extremes of weight distribution. "The vast majority of people who are being judged as weighing too much by public health authorities throughout the Western world are at a weight where there isn't even a correlation with increased health risk, let alone a causal relationship," says Campos. The notion that overweight and obesity turn people into medical time bombs "is being exaggerated by roughly a factor of 10," he says. "An argument that may be relevant to the heaviest 6% of the population is being applied to 65% of the population...
...been fighting to stop doctors and patients thinking about any of these risk factors in a vacuum," says The George Institute's MacMahon, professor of cardiovascular medicine and epidemiology at the University of Sydney. "Your risk of having a heart attack is very, very multidimensional. Obesity is a causal contributor, but it's one of many. And it's actually much harder to reduce weight than it is to lower blood pressure or cholesterol. Fundamentally, all these risk factors multiply one another, so if you can't turn one down, you turn others in the chain...
...Epidemiology, Campos and others reviewed what medicine knows about how fat-or adiposity-is supposed to cause disease. They concluded that with the exception of osteoarthritis, where increased weight contributes to wear on joints, and a few cancers where estrogen originating in fat tissue may play a role, "causal links between body fat and disease remain hypothetical." They cite a recent U.S. study that found women who'd had an average of 10 kg of fat removed by liposuction had no improvements in health markers over the next three months. By contrast, it's well established that people who merely...