Word: cauterium
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Wrinkles & Chins. The bone-dry climate of North Africa, however, has preserved almost perfectly the portraits painted at Faiyum, especially those done on wood panels in encaustic (a mixture of beeswax and pigment, usually applied with a cauterium, or hot spatula). Today, these paintings tell historians most of what is known about portrait technique 1,100 years before the Renaissance. Modeling and shading were expertly done. Except that the anonymous workmen of Faiyum customarily enlarged eyes (large pupils being considered at the time a sign of beauty), classical realism was faithful in portraying hair styles, jewelry, wrinkles and occasionally double...
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