Word: cdos
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Dates: during 2007-2007
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Almost Shakespearean, no? True, the Bard didn't offer much in the way of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) or special-interest vehicles--two key sources of Citi's pain. He did, however, understand diversification. "My ventures are not in one bottom trusted, nor to one place," said Antonio, the Merchant of Venice. "Therefore, my merchandise makes...
Prince, a lawyer, became Citigroup CEO in 2003 largely on the strength of his skill in resolving these legal hassles. But he led Citi smack into the next big financial scandal: subprime-mortgage lending. Over the past five years, Citi went from also-ran to leading issuer of the CDOs that take subprime mortgages or other loans and reprocess them into purportedly low-risk securities. Market jitters and ratings-agency downgrades have sent CDOs into a free fall--and now the banks have to account for the losses...
...music stopped for good the day Prince resigned, when Citi announced that it had $55 billion in subprime-related securities, mostly CDOs, still on the books. It also disclosed that it's holding almost $135 billion in securities for which there are no observable market prices--meaning that their valuation is determined by guesstimation--and is involved with another $167 billion in off-the-books CDOs and special investment vehicles. The normally mild-mannered stock and credit analysts who follow the firm reacted with downgrades and criticism--their main complaint being that Citi had been so slow in fessing...
...further complicate the picture, some firms create new "structured finance" products, called collateralized debt obligations, from pieces of other mortgage securities. These new bonds are re-rated, creating illusion of safety even though the top-rated bonds may include very risky original loans. Last year nearly $500 billion in CDOs flooded the market. Many hedge funds invested heavily in them, often using borrowed money, and thus increasing their exposure. The Contagion...
...core, the entire process is based on using borrowed money (home mortgages) as collateral to borrow more money (mortgage-backed securities) to borrow yet more money (CDOs), and hoping the payment chain doesn't break. Once home-mortgage defaults rise, the whole system can unravel...