Word: celling
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Their investigation begins with a white blood cell called CD4. It is the linchpin of the immune system and the main target of HIV. As a general rule, people who become infected by HIV suffer a drop in their CD4 count from a normal level of about 1,200 cells per 1/1000th of a mL of blood to 500 cells or less. The risk of developing one or more of the illnesses associated with AIDS rises dramatically if the CD4 count drops below...
...finding will probably shift the focus of the search for a diabetes cure from vaccines aimed at specific T-cell receptors to research on other immune cells, the article said...
Lipes said in telephone interview yesterday that the finding argued for "a reappraisal of the role of T-cell receptors in disease pathogenesis...
...also very much on the minds of the scheduled speakers as they described the events flowing from the Nobel-prizewinning Watson-Crick discovery. In the four decades since, scientists, building on their knowledge of DNA's structure, cracked the genetic code, described the machinery of the living cell, identified and located specific genes and learned to transfer them from one organism to another. Their work has already transformed biology, created the biotech industry and new pharmaceuticals, is beginning to affect business, industry, agriculture and food processing, and promises to change drastically the way medicine is practiced. "In five years...
Anderson, then at the NIH, with colleagues Dr. R. Michael Blaese and Dr. Kenneth Culver, extracted T cells from the little girl's blood and exposed them to a mouse-leukemia retrovirus that had been rendered harmless and endowed with a normal ADA gene. Invading the T cell, the retrovirus acted as a vector, depositing its genetic material, including the ADA gene, in the cell nucleus. After the re-engineered T cells were cultured, a process that produced billions of them, they were infused back into the child's bloodstream, where their new gene began producing the ADA enzyme...