Word: celling
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...skein of interwoven business and publishing deals that he had little creative room to move. "We're caught in a trap," he sings with devastating intensity in Suspicious Minds, one of the great tunes of the later years, sounding like a lifer who has the keys to his own cell but has lost them somewhere in the dark that frightens...
...accuracy were the Human Genome Project's twin mantras from its formal start in 1990. At that point, researchers had already painstakingly identified more than 4,000 of the 100,000 genes that serve as the blueprint for a functioning human being--each gene carrying instructions that tell cells how to produce a specific protein. Scientists had located about 1,500 genes, in a rough way, on the 46 chromosomes--the long, twisted strands of DNA cradled in protein at the heart of every human cell. But they had deciphered, or sequenced, only a handful of the many-hundred-word...
...Venter, since the strips of DNA that are actually being used as blueprints for constructing a protein are where the action is. So Venter decided to concentrate on these active parts. He focused on the so-called messenger RNA, or mRNA, which ferries instructions from DNA over to the cell's protein-making machinery. This is the essence of the gene, and it was these stripped-down genetic instructions--copied into a more stable form known as cDNA--that he fed into an automated gene sequencer he'd acquired...
...early 1980s, Venter and Fraser were working on cell-surface receptors at the NIH. This was the dawn of the molecular revolution in biology, and the gene was emerging as the key. Finding genes was agonizingly slow work, however; scientists typically spent years locating and decoding a single...
Then he had an epiphany: he realized that he didn't need to identify those parts of a cell's genome that code for proteins as long as the cell itself can identify them. Venter switched his attention from the DNA blueprint to the RNA templates the cell makes from those blueprints. His task vastly simplified, he began turning out gene sequences at unprecedented rates...