Word: cellularly
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Epoetin alfa is only one among many designer-fashioned molecules that have been used both to treat bodily deficiencies and to influence certain cellular processes. Each year since 1982, when insulin became the first DNA-based drug to be approved by the fda, the list has steadily lengthened. Sales of drugs produced by the manipulation of DNA currently run in the billions of dollars...
...reproductive technologies and highly specific drug treatment of mental diseases. Physicians now routinely use sophisticated imaging techniques such as CAT and PET scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and vastly improved radioisotope methods for diagnosis and treatment, plus X ray-guided therapeutic and diagnostic interventions. The increased understanding of ultramicroscopic cellular activities has led to the development of new drugs for a wide variety of disorders, including heart disease...
...have learned how to strip the viruses of their reproductive genes, insert into the viral DNA the beneficial gene they want to deliver, and then let the virus infect a patient's cells. The virus inserts its own now harmless genes, as well as the beneficial one, into the cellular DNA. If all goes well and the gene "expresses" itself, the cell begins producing the needed protein...
...problem is that the altered viruses do not always seek out the target cells and sometimes insert themselves in the wrong place in the cellular DNA. Then too, once in place, the new genes sometimes fail to express themselves. "There are still a few walls to get over," Anderson concedes. He points out that in the initial trial, viruses used for cystic fibrosis, for example, produced an inflammatory response: "So the trials were halted, and another generation of viral vectors was developed. Now we're going to restart the clinical trials with these new-generation vectors," which he thinks will...
...other hand, scientists hypothesize, aging takes place at the cellular level, and if cells did not grow old, biological aging might be slowed. But what drives the process? Why do some cells accumulate dysfunction with time? And can that dysfunction be prevented or slowed? Before those questions can be answered, cautions Baylor professor Olivia Pereira-Smith, who researches the genetics of aging, "we have to find the genes first...