Word: chapman
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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High above the earth's atmosphere, 6,000 to 11,000 miles above its surface, whirls a great ring of invisible gas. This is the belief of Geophysicist Sydney Chapman, formerly of Oxford. He cannot prove conclusively that the ring is there, but strong theoretical reasons have convinced him that it exists...
According to Chapman's theory, the ring of gas (thinner than the "vacuum" in radio tubes) is formed by the action of the earth's magnetic field on streams of ionized hydrogen that blast out of the sun. As the protons and electrons from the sun approach the earth, they are deflected away from it by magnetic forces. Some of them settle into a ring above the earth's magnetic equator.* Eventually, they escape, curving down to the atmosphere to cause certain kinds of auroras. Their departure weakens the ring current, but it is soon restored...
...much do fringe benefits cost U.S. industry? No one knows exactly. This is the conclusion of Management Consultant Austin Fisher and John F. Chapman, associate editor of the Harvard Business Review, after a survey of 400 "handpicked" companies...
...businessmen, the very word "fringe", coined during the easy-money, cost-plus days of World War II, is a "semantic blur." To clear up the blur, Fisher and Chapman list 28 fringe payments, which they define as money costs and employment benefits outside direct wage payments for regular hours. These, ranging from such familiar items as pensions to "pamper extras" such as swimming pools (TIME, Sept. 13), now cost' American business 43? to 44? extra per productive hour. This adds up to a national total exceeding $25 billion...
Fisher and Chapman think that another 40? an hour will be added to the average wage bill in the next decade-above and beyond any general wage increases-if the fringe benefits (already up 60% since 1948) keep rising at the present rate...