Word: charter
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Mandela and Tambo helped form the Youth League in 1944, and three years later drew up a program of action calling for strikes, boycotts and acts of civil disobedience. In 1955 they supported the Freedom Charter, an economic credo many considered to be socialist. But Mandela abandoned peaceful methods after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, in which police killed 69 black protesters. When Tambo left to establish a headquarters in exile, Mandela stayed behind to set up the A.N.C.'s underground military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) and launch a campaign of sabotage. After 17 months...
...increase but diluted democracy further by giving extra weight to the votes of the indirectly elected legislators -- those chosen mainly by groups representing such constituencies as business, the professions and labor. Next month Hong Kong will have a last, slim chance to coax concessions from Beijing before the charter is promulgated in April...
...Ronald Reagan before the invasion of Grenada, Bush didn't even bother to find some Organization of Insignificant Nearby Countries to smoke an invitation out of. This time around, U.S. officials can barely be troubled to invoke their one-size-fits-all interpretation of Article 51 of the U.N. Charter, which refers to the right of national self-defense...
...rather unpleasant irony, the U.S. was involved in bloodshed as well. Unpleasantly ironic because while the Soviets stood by and did nothing in Rumania, the U.S. was violating its pledge under the charter of the Organization of American States not to invade a neighbor. In most ways, of course, the downfall of Panama's General Manuel Noriega had little in common with Ceausescu's overthrow. The Rumanian was driven out by his own people, the Panamanian by an outside army. The Rumanian ran and was caught; the Panamanian found sanctuary in the Vatican nunciature in Panama City...
...soon out of a job at Balustrade. Although he continued to write for publication or production in the West, his public role in Prague shifted to politics. He became a principal organizer of Charter 77, a human rights organization designed to compel Czechoslovakia to honor the commitments in existing treaties and its own constitution. As Havel argued, "If an outside observer who knew nothing at all about life in Czechoslovakia were to study only its laws, he or she would be utterly incapable of understanding what we were complaining about." Havel was first jailed in 1977. By August...