Word: chartering
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...borrow a Reaganism, Harvard's founding fathers never intended the Board of Overseers to become so passive and unresponsive. By charter and in spirit the board was intended to reflect the concerns of the larger community, which exercised considerable control over the selection of faculty, the president and the design of the curriculum. Although religious fundamentalists and anti-communist crusaders at times found seats on the board, in the end the existence of a democratically perpetuated governing body helped keep Harvard a strong, secular and diverse university...
Railroad stations in cities as staid and ordered as Grenoble and Lyons look like those in Naples. Among the throngs of stranded passengers, French families accustomed to better things share sausages and bread, using newspapers as picnic tablecloths. With rail traffic cut to 40% of normal, queues form behind charter-bus drivers showing their destinations on cardboard signs and shouting out the departure times. In Lyons's Part Dieu station, an illuminated advertising billboard shows a streaking orange superspeed train and carries the slogan that with the national French railway EVERYTHING IS POSSIBLE! Some irate, but erudite passenger has scrawled...
More than seven years after the Sandinistas took power in Managua, President Daniel Ortega last week unveiled a new constitution -- and then promptly curtailed many of the charter's guarantees. His reason: the simmering war between the Marxist-oriented Sandinistas and the U.S.-backed contras...
Since 1982, civil liberties in Nicaragua have been sharply curbed by a state of emergency called to meet the contra threat. The 202-article charter champions many of those suspended liberties, including freedom of speech and assembly and the right to strike. Immediately after the signing of the constitution, Ortega reimposed the state of emergency. Erick Ramirez, leader of the opposition Social Christian Party, has dismissed the document as a "tool of propaganda for foreign consumption...
Aquino may have more success with the constitution. The 118-page charter, written by an Aquino-appointed committee, calls for a referendum on renewing the leases of U.S. military bases, a cutback in presidential powers and the establishment of a two-chamber congress. Aquino says the document is "worthy of the great collective act that made it possible: the rising of the Filipino people to vindicate their voice...