Word: chipping
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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Gore may want to keep the Clintons at arm's length in L.A., but he won't be distancing himself from the Clinton record. America's historic economic expansion and vastly improved social indicators are blue-chip arguments for a Gore presidency--and they refute Bush's version of the recent past. In other words, the rematch isn't going away. Just to keep the rivalry humming, Gore plans to send Clinton to campaign in battleground states in the fall. Poppy Bush will be spending a dozen or so days on the stump as well. The two old warriors will...
...going to risk it all by overhauling the swing that had brought him to this summit. He told his coach he wanted to make serious changes in the way he struck the ball. The history of such efforts is not auspicious. Some fine golfers--Ian Baker-Finch, Seve Ballesteros, Chip Beck--have revamped their swing and never returned to their earlier glory. What was Woods thinking...
...daunting task. A single enzyme in a liver cell may be controlled by as many as 14 different regulatory processes. Multiply that by thousands of interconnected chemical reactions operating simultaneously in billions of cells, and you've got one incredibly complex system. But Arkin knows that computer-chip designers manage similar levels of complexity. "Good engineers in the 1960s could probably understand all the circuitry that people had built," Arkin says. "But when integrated circuits were developed, that became impossible." There were just too many pieces to put together...
...evaluation), which was developed at the University of California, Berkeley, in the 1970s. SPICE allowed engineers to analyze their electronic circuits and predict, more or less accurately, how they would work before they were built. There would always be bugs to iron out, but at least the program pointed chip designers in the right direction...
Arkin is developing a similar program he calls bio/SPICE that he hopes will do for the cell what SPICE did for the chip. His first targets are simple bacteria. "They're still complicated enough that we get depressed," Arkin admits with a laugh. But he has already had some success grouping reactions together by the kinds of jobs they do. And, sure enough, some of them bear a remarkable resemblance to the gates and switches of an electronic circuit...