Word: civile
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...tent. Now, while Arab boys hawk his pictures in Tripoli's Ninth of August Square (named for Libya's Army Day), Gaddafi leads a campaign to wipe out the graft and privilege that depressed the country during the monarchy. About 600 ranking officers, politicians, civil servants and wealthy businessmen have been jailed. The 25,000 Italians, 7,000 Americans and 5,000 Britons, who previously enjoyed special status in a backward Arab society, are uncertain about their future in Libya...
...sought to take away the Government's most effective integration weapon: the authority granted to HEW under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to withhold federal aid to school districts refusing to carry out adequate plans for desegregation. The Whitten amendment specifically barred HEW from withholding funds to force bussing, the closing of schools or the reassignment of pupils against parental wishes. In effect, it authorized evasive "freedom of choice" desegregation plans, which the Supreme Court has already declared inadequate...
Needling the North. The Administration belatedly switched signals to avoid the embarrassment of backing a segregationist ploy already ruled unconstitutional. HEW civil rights lawyers pointed out that if the original Whitten amendment passed, the Administration would have little choice but to denounce it as such, or to institute a quick court test to underline the point. Either way, the Administration would have been forced into taking direct actions repugnant to the South, countermanding the Congress and endangering future HEW appropriations...
...dissenters criticized the majority for basing their ruling on the Civil Rights Act of 1866, since Congress had passed newer open-housing legislation in 1968. Arguing that interpreting the old statute was thus of little importance to the public, the minority said that the court should not have heard the case...
...civil rights acts of 1964, 1965 and 1968, the most important legislative attacks on racial inequality since the post-Civil War Reconstruction...