Word: civilian
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...time, presented all the dilemmas of urban warfare. House-to-house fighting is the bloodiest kind of battle, disliked by all armies. An advancing force cannot see its adversary. Every window is a sniper's perch. Alleyways and streets lead to dead ends. The adversary may be disguised in civilian dress. And disabling the trip wires of booby-trapped doors and windows is a slow process that leaves a detachment in the open street, exposed to hostile fire...
Though most of Jenin's residents evacuated from the camp, Human Rights Watch estimates that 22 Palestinian noncombatants died in the fighting, and it is critical of some Israeli tactics. But HRW also notes that Palestinian gunmen "did endanger Palestinian civilians in the camp by using it as a base for planning and launching attacks, using indiscriminate tactics such as planting improvised explosive devices within the camp, and intermingling with the civilian population during armed conflict...
...settled norms of the law of armed conflict require two forms of self-restraint by fighting forces: "discrimination" and "proportionality." Civilians and civilian places are to be kept distinct from military targets and protected from deliberate attack. Any action against military targets must be mounted so as to avoid unreasonable harm to civilians. But the fog of war and an adversary's misuse can make these principles harder to apply in practice, even for the most conscientious military forces. What is to be done when a sniper is shooting at your forces from an apartment-house rooftop? A civilian residence...
...part, Arafat is enjoying the freedom he gained when the Israelis ended their siege of his Ramallah compound. His supporters are enjoying it too. In Bethlehem, where Palestinian gunmen, civilian officials and priests at the Church of the Nativity have been under siege almost as long as Arafat, gunmen in the church thought Arafat's freedom would lead to their own release and started firing their rifles into the air in glee, sources inside the church tell TIME. Israeli soldiers outside thought the shooting was directed at them and launched flares, which set fire to the roof of the church...
...differently?but always using the TNI as a means of staying in power. Sukarno, Megawati's father, played it off against the communists and Muslims. Suharto exploited it to enrich his family and cronies. After he fell, in keeping with the more liberal political winds prevailing at the time, civilian authorities tried to rein in the generals...