Word: civilianized
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...Even in Beirut," van Voorst reports, "where there was a lot of shooting, there was at least a modicum of discipline in the Phalangists and P.L.O. Here you can't even tell the opposing forces apart. They wear the same mixed bag of military and civilian clothes, and it's commonplace to be stopped by some kid of 13 who pokes a submachine gun into your stomach." The language problem makes matters worse. "Only one correspondent in the international press corps here speaks Farsi," says van Voorst. "In a crunch you don't know whether a gunman...
Perhaps the biggest danger facing Iran, after the stern Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini returned from exile, was a direct confrontation between army units loyal to Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and civilian supporters of the Ayatullah. Last week it happened. Elite troops of the imperial guard, summoned to put down a rebellion by air force cadets, ran into a wall of armed civilians. Fighting continued, sporadically but bitterly, through the weekend, and Iran seemed to be staggering toward the brink of civil war. By Sunday more than 200 people had died. At that point, the supreme army command announced its neutrality...
...settlers belonging to the religious nationalist Gush Emunim (group of the faithful). The angry Jews invaded the Arab school in Sinjil, seized the principal and marched him to their settlement for "questioning." In the midst of this unrest, the Israeli government established a new "outpost"-the forerunner of a civilian settlement-at Nueima, northeast of Jericho. The settlement will be the 51st on the West Bank, where some 5,000 Jews are now living among 692,000 increasingly hostile Palestinians...
Companies with non-defense-related activities in Iran are threatened with the loss of business more immediately. Since 1973, the U.S. has sold Iran upwards of $11 billion in civilian goods, everything from 15,000 pregnant Wisconsin milch cows for the Iranian dairy industry to a complete telephone switching system by General Telephone and Electronics. Billions more in long-term contracts, covering such things as housing and highway construction and port development, remain still to be fulfilled by large corporations, including Ford and AT&T. Few if any civilian contracts have been canceled so far, and businessmen hope that socially...
Even more damaging to Bakhtiar's credibility was his open support of the military, which has tried to intimidate Khomeini's supporters by firing randomly at throngs of unarmed civilian demonstrators. On the "Bloody Sunday" of Jan. 28, the army fired directly into demonstrators gathered around 24 Esfand Square, near the university, and sniped at them from nearby rooftops for nearly four hours. By the end of the afternoon, there were 30 known dead and hundreds wounded; hospitals were jammed with the dying (see box). Bakhtiar defended the slaughter, which followed a similar assault two days earlier, as a retaliation...