Word: civilianized
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...finally reached a time of hard, no-nonsense decisions. Last week, an ailing John Vorster announced his resignation as South African Prime Minister and, as his final act in office, backed out on the tentative agreement Pretoria and Namibian nationalists made in July to allow United Nations military and civilian personnel to supervise the election of an independent Namibian government...
...miner-rich territory South Africa has illegally occupied in defiance of U.N. ruling since 1966. Last week, in an 11th-hour decision, retiring South African Prime Minister John Vorster announced that South Africa would conduct its own independence election in the territory, rather than allow U.N. troops and civilian personnel to supervise the election of a transitional Namibian government...
Though definitions vary, martial law means far more than simple military rule. In most cases it is a response to a national or regional emergency during which constitutional guarantees are suspended and civilian control is superseded by that of the military. Martial law is generally more serious than a state of emergency or a state of siege, and more comprehensive than a suspension of habeas corpus or an imposition of preventive detention. It is both a political and a psychological device, which implies that authority begins at the trigger of a gun. In effect, says Farooq Hassan, a Pakistani legal...
...courts. During the first year of Chile's state of siege following the 1973 overthrow of Marxist President Salvador Allende, an estimated 33,000 people disappeared or were killed. Pakistan is ruled by a "martial law administrator," General Zia ul-Haq, though his ministries are now headed by civilians. Nigeria, Ghana and Sudan all have military regimes, but normal legal institutions are still working. Even in Idi Amin's Uganda, civilian courts operate, though judges ruling contrary to Big Daddy's wishes could well end up floating down the Nile...
...meaning only when applied to a country that pays at least theoretical respect to the protection of human rights. In China there is no martial law, but neither does the populace enjoy most of the rights that could be jeopardized by martial law. In the Soviet Union, civilian authority as embodied in the Communist Party is all-powerful. The country has an intricate court system, and much attention is paid to what is called "socialist legality," but this is not to be confused with the Western concept of the rule of law. As the founder of Stalin's legal...