Word: civilianized
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...principal instrument of civilian control over the Soviet armed forces has always been the Communist Party. Officers were party members; political commissars were placed in every unit to ensure loyalty. With the collapse of the party, Soviet reformers must move quickly to put new mechanisms in place, including a civilian Defense Minister and means of legislative oversight, particularly of military spending...
...many people are unemployed? According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the latest "official" rate of unemployment is 6.8% -- meaning that nearly 9 million of the civilian work force of 125 million are jobless. But the numbers don't come close to telling the whole story...
...almost sure to follow. General Valentin Varennikov, the commander of ground forces who reportedly shared in Yazov's plans was arrested; General Boris Gromov, a hero of the Afghan war thought to have been in charge of Interior Ministry forces in the coup, is another likely target. Officers and civilians in the military- industrial complex, which has fought Gorbachev's efforts to convert more defense plants to civilian purposes, can be expected to fall as well. Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev, 68, former chief of staff of the Soviet armed forces and top military advisor to Gorbachev, committed suicide on Saturday night...
...been in motion for years but still remains in limbo. To push the economy ahead while the government is being repaired, Gorbachev last week appointed an executive panel. Its members include Russian Prime Minister Ivan Silayev; Arkadi Volsky, who has been pushing for conversion of defense plants to civilian production; and Grigori Yavlinsky, an economist best known for helping draft the so-called 500-Day Plan for radical reform...
...majority of Lithuanians, though, Seryak and his colleagues are not hero-protectors but agents of repression. One newspaper has dubbed them "angels of death in black berets." Ever since Soviet army paratroopers stormed the television tower in Vilnius in January, killing 15 unarmed civilian demonstrators, OMON has been waging a campaign of intimidation against the democratically elected leadership of the republic. The same is true in neighboring Latvia, where Black Berets raided the republic's interior ministry in Riga, leaving five people dead. In their zeal to enforce the Soviet constitution and the presidential decrees of Mikhail Gorbachev, OMON forces...