Word: civilianizes
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...exhaust systems, its nuclear warhead was in storage at Little Rock Air Force Base, 55 miles away. The missile itself, a five-story, 18,000-m.p.h. Titan II of the type that is scheduled to launch this week's eight-day Gemini mission, remained in place as 55 civilian workmen swarmed up and down the silo's nine levels. "Something Wrong?" Some workers were still returning from lunch one day last week when there was a blast and a flash of flame. "The lights went out," recalls Gary Lay, 18, who was cleaning up debris on the second...
...Years Ahead. As it tried to bal ance service requirements against civilian complaints, Congress came to the conclusion that military autocracy had indeed gone too far. Investigators found widespread abuse of "command control" -the power of local commanders to convene courts-martial, appoint court members and review court verdicts. The record showed that all too many commanders had been using military courts as personal disciplinary weapons, ignoring even such bedrock rights as the presumption of innocence until guilt is proved beyond reasonable doubt. As one ex-Navy lawyer recalls: "The general attitude seemed to be that a man was going...
...writing the new code, Congress adroitly retained command control-but so hedged it with restraints that U.S. military courts have quietly adopted many of the most controversial criminal-law rules only recently imposed on state courts by the U.S. Supreme Court. Civilian courts have not yet adopted some rules that have become military practice. The Supreme Court, for example, has yet to say that state police failure to advise a suspect of his rights to counsel and silence invalidates his confession-a requirement that Congress imposed on the military 15 years ago. A military defendant is also entitled to full...
Bread & Water. The Uniform Code of Military Justice governs members of all five armed forces and all organizations assigned to them, such as the Public Health Service. It used to govern servicemen's wives and civilian employees outside the U.S., but the Supreme Court (acting on writs of habeas corpus) voided that power in 1957. The code proscribes a wide variety of offenses, ranging from military mutiny to burglary. It authorizes execution (usually hanging) for everything from premeditated murder to wartime desertion, but makes death mandatory only for spying. No military executions have occurred since 1961; the Navy...
...supreme court of the armed forces is the U.S. Court of Military Appeals in Washington. "COMA," as military lawyers call it, has three civilian judges-Chief Judge Robert E. Quinn, 71, a former state trial judge and ex-Governor of Rhode Island; Paul J. Kilday, 65, a Texan who served 22 years in Congress and helped to write the military justice code as a member of the House Armed Services Committee; and Homer Ferguson, 72, a veteran Detroit trial judge who later served two terms as Republican U.S. Senator from Michigan...