Word: civilization
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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Consequently, the Rhode Island Constitution (Article 1, section 18) says: "The military shall be held in strict subordination to the civil authority. And the law martial shall be used and exercised in such cases only as occasion shall necessarily require...
...shall . . . be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law", was held by the United States Supreme Court in the great case of Ex-Parto Milligan to make it, impossible for an earlier Governor of Rhode Island (General Burnside) to establish martial law, even during the Civil War, in a region (Indiana) which was not invaded by the enemy but completely free from disorder and in which the civil courts were quietly sitting...
...just mentioned: "Not only was there never any actual riot, tumult, or insurrection, which would create a state of war . . . , but . . . , if all of the (threatened) conditions had come to pass, they would have resulted merely in breaches of the peace to be suppressed by the militia as a civil force, and not at all in a condition constituting, or even remotely resembling, a state...
...aside from the above historical consideration and more fundamentally, the decision to affiliate was based on the belief that the Harvard Student Union was concerned with same problems of international relations, social security, and civil liberties that faced other colleges and other students throughout the country. On the Harvard yard there is another particular reason why this gesture away from localism is well considered. Too long have we bred a spirit of indifference, of a kind of local pride which is not a pride of accomplishments, but a pride of position. Affiliation would serve not only to aid other student...
Because of all those restraints on freedom a conscientious Executive will regard martial law as only a last resort. If the civil courts are open, state officials can ordinarlly obtain there abundant help in the maintenance of order, for instance, an injunction at the suit of the Attorney-General against the public nuisance caused by the assemblage of a large number of disorderly persons in connection with a prize fight or horse race...