Word: civilizations
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...find trouble, but at least the notion offered a better chance of avoiding violence. Had Daley been gifted with either humane imagination or a sense of humor, he would have arranged to welcome the demonstrators, cosset them with amenities like portable toilets, as the Government did during the Washington civil rights march of 1963. Instead, Daley virtually invited violence...
Franco, hated by Basque separatists since the Spanish Civil War when he crushed their attempt to form an independent nation, retaliated with a series of harsh emergency measures. Under a "state of exception" decree, police are staging nightly search raids at Basque homes throughout the province of Guipúzcoa, hauling off truckloads of suspects for detention. To pry out information about the underground terrorists, cops have resorted to torture. They have beaten some prisoners, forced others to stand chest-high for long periods in pools of ice water, ordered a few to bend to the floor and draw...
Reforming a country's entire legal system is a mammoth job in the best of times; doing it in the midst of a civil war seems virtually impossible. Yet last year South Viet Nam actually put a complete new constitution into effect. Now the country's legal experts are trying to align existing laws with the idealistic document. It is no easy task. The constitution strongly reflects contemporary Western notions of justice, but much of Viet Nam's legal structure is still based on the philosophical teachings of Confucius. To make matters worse, Vietnamese statutes include...
...first step, the new charter's provision for an independent supreme court has been implemented by the National Assembly. The Supreme Court will consolidate the two highest tribunals, which handle criminal and civil cases (Court of Cassation) and administrative cases (Council of State). A joint session of the National Assembly will elect the court's 15 judges to six-year terms. Their extensive powers will include the right to interpret the constitution, decide on the dissolution of political parties opposed to the republican form of government, and review all laws, decrees and administrative decisions. Most important, the Supreme...
Dual System. South Vietnamese legal experts are also at work revising outmoded civil and criminal codes. Particularly confusing is a dual legal system inherited from the French. One group of laws was created for the central part of the country, which was administered by the Viet emperor; other laws were written for Cochin China in the south, which was an outright colony controlled by the French governor. The differing legal standards are still applied today. Fornication, for example, was made a crime in central Viet Nam, reflecting strict Confucian traditions. No such statutes are in effect in the sophisticated south...