Word: clement
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Richard Nixon harbored some of Johnson's political sentiments about the purposes and authority of the court. The Senate rejection of his nominees, Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell, is now history. Nixon was in utter despair when he learned that his own appointee, Chief Justice Warren Burger, had ruled that Nixon had to surrender the White House tapes. That was a pivotal drama in the Watergate scandal. Things were changing...
Freemasonry, an Anglo-Saxon creation first transplanted to Florence in 1733, was soon under attack by the Catholic Church. The Masonic principles of nonsectarianism and ab stract belief in a "Great Architect of the Universe" were viewed as an intolerable threat by Pope Clement XII, who issued the first papal edict that ordered excommunication of any Catholics who became Masons. Masons were often regarded as subversive political freethinkers by the Italian principalities. By the mid-19th century, in fact, many of the most prominent nationalist leaders of the Italian risorgimento were Masons. Among them: Giuseppe Mazzini and the notoriously antipapal...
...befall the church if his will is contested." The petitioners were right. King Henry VIII of England had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn and wanted a son and heir by her. He was determined to put aside his wife, Catherine of Aragon. But when Catherine appealed to Pope Clement VII, the Pope ordered Henry to halt his annulment proceedings. Henry, as the 75 bishops and courtiers warned in their petition to Rome, would not allow his will to be contested. When the Pope refused, the King of England broke with Rome...
...Catherine have long crumbled into dust. But the 2-ft. by 3-ft. parchment petition, headed Sanctissimo in Christo and bemedaled with ribbons and the 75 red wax seals of the petitioners, looks as imposing as it did on the day in 1530 when it arrived on Pope Clement's desk. It was long filed away in the Vatican, but 100 years ago, the church opened its ancient archives to selected scholars. This year, to commemorate that date, the Vatican has put 236 of its choicest treasures on public display. Many of the documents are as notable for their...
...papacy moved temporarily to Avignon. Clement V, a French Pope who was elected by a French faction, thought his court would be safer there than in Rome. Toward the end of the 14th century, Gregory XI returned to Rome, but it took 445 years to retrieve all of the documents from Avignon. There are obvious gaps around 1527, when Rome was being plundered by the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles...