Word: coal
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...U.M.W. membership with the familiar flourish, "your wages were low, your hours long, your labor perilous, your health disregarded, your children without opportunity, your union weak, your fellow citizens and public representatives indifferent to your wrongs." But John L., born in Lucas, Iowa, Feb. 12, 1880, a Welsh coal miner's son who quit school after the seventh grade to dig coal in underground pits, a union organizer with a shock of red hair and red eyebrows and a Shakespearian style, fought his way to the top of the U.M.W. to change all that...
...Wages. Over his 40 years as U.M.W. head, he battled with presidents, congresses, courts, coal owners, and colleagues. Often his battles obscured the victory. Said Lewis to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, under whose benevolent New Deal he founded the C.I.O. and deployed the sit-down strike: "Nobody can call John L. Lewis a liar and least of all Franklin Delano Roosevelt.'' He denounced F.D.R.'s first Vice President, John Nance Garner, as "a labor-baiting, poker-playing, whisky-drinking, evil old man." Of the late A.F.L. President William Green he said: "I have done...
Down in Number. Lewis' most forward-looking contribution to the U.S. was his acceptance of labor-saving machinery for an industry that was in decline. In the teeth of competition from natural gas and oil, Lewis wrote the contracts to help the coal owners, came out unequivocally for automation and higher productivity even though that meant redeployment of many of his miners and a faster decline of his mighty U.M.W. from 600,000 after World War II to 430,000 today...
When Peking proclaimed its Great Leap Forward (TIME cover, Dec. 1, 1958), Sinkiang, normally a pastoral land, was marked out for a big coal and steel center at Kuldja. While grain rotted in the fields and neglected herds died, farmers were dragooned into factories, construction sites and 451 communes...
...boasts that its technology is second to none. Italy's Pirelli tire and rubber company claims the same. Led by Germany and France, the industrial nations of continental Europe have boosted their gross national product 100% (to $212 billion) in ten years, turn out 250 million tons of coal (17% of the world total), some 65 million tons of steel (20% of the total), 1,500,000 tons of copper, zinc and lead (16% of world total). Across the English Channel, Britain's economy this year alone grew some 8% to $68.8 billion...