Word: coal
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Economics was a major factor in drawing Europe closer, but Sampson argues that that has changed. The EEC was conceived after Monnet persuaded Europeans to pool their coal and steel. Coal has now been replaced as an essential fuel by nuclear power, oil or natural gas. As a result, Europeans are rethinking their energy needs in narrow national terms...
...marshaled no such effort, in part because of public apathy. Indeed, it usually takes a disaster of the magnitude of last November's underground explosion near Farmington, W. Va., which resulted in the deaths of 78 coal miners, to attract serious attention to the problem of job safety at all. The great majority of on-the-job casualties occur in mundane fashion; and they usually happen one at a time...
Public Apathy. Coal mining is by far the most hazardous occupation in the U.S., having killed one out of every 550 miners in 1968 alone. Lumbering, shipping and stevedoring, construction and quarrying also produce a disproportionate share of industrial deaths and injuries. The overall safety record of U.S. industry is far better than that of mining. Yet on-the-job accidents last year killed 14,000 and disabled 2,200,000 of the nation's 82 million workers. Another 5,000,000 suffered lesser work injuries or illnesses. Beyond the incalculable toll they took in pain and suffering...
...union indifference, split jurisdiction and bickering among enforcement agencies and gaps in protective laws all contribute to the problem. When it comes to establishing and enforcing safety standards, the Federal Government is largely limited to jobs under public contract. The Department of Transportation handles railroad safety. Conditions in the coal fields are the responsibility of the Interior Department's Bureau of Mines. Occupational safety researchers for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare test hearing losses suffered on the job, but can do nothing about muffling the excessive noise that can cause such losses. The U.S. Public Health Service...
...fault-the employee, the employer and ourselves in government," says Esther Peterson, the Johnson Administration's Assistant Secretary of Labor for Standards. "I'm tired of this buck passing. It's time we did something together about all this." Congress may well enact new coal-mining legislation at this session, but passage of a more general industrial-safety law looks less likely. Last year the Johnson Administration pushed for legislation that would have empowered the Secretary of Labor to issue mandatory health and safety standards and to enforce them-to the point of closing down factories...