Word: coal
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...appears as if the war were only yesterday." The countryside, with its villages, horse-drawn carts and unmechanized farms, looks as if the clock had been turned back 30 or 40 years. The highways are potholed and traffic ranges from light to nonexistent. The blue haze of soft-coal smoke seems to shroud the cities, adding to the ever-present smells of cabbage and disinfectant. The cautious satirists in East Berlin's Distel (Thistle) cabaret suggested one socialist solution for some of East Germany's ills: nose plugs...
Economically, Nigeria needs the East far more than the East needs it. Ojukwu complains that his region contributes 35% of the nation's tax revenues and gets back only 14% in federal outlays. With coal reserves, a palm-oil industry and abundant oil along the coast near Port Harcourt, the East has the potential to go it alone as a viable state. Its population of 12 million (including 9,000,000 Ibos) is larger than that of either Kenya or Ghana...
...spoiling of our streams, and the destruction of our fish and wild life. We must pass this bill." So spoke West Virginia's Governor Hulett C. Smith earlier this year in urging his legislature to pass the toughest state law in the nation controlling strip mining for coal...
Strip mining is a simple, productive and inexpensive method of mining coal, both hard and soft; it accounts for one-third of the nation's total 500 million ton annual output. Big power shovels rip off the topsoil, then bite into the underlying seams to depths of more than 100 feet and load the coal onto trucks. But far too often, irresponsible strip miners, operating under ancient mineral-rights leases, have mined the land and simply moved on, leaving behind a fearful legacy of tormented earth. In West Virginia alone, strip miners are tearing up land at the rate...
...federal legislation, the states have had to move on their own. Only eight of the 23 states in which strip miners operate have statutes requiring miners to reclaim their land; but the eight-Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Virginia-produce 80% of all strip-mined coal. And as the realization spreads of how badly strip mining destroys nature, the laws are getting tighter. Pennsylvania, for example, amended its existing law in 1963 to require that miners put everything back into the hole except the coal; Kentucky passed a similar measure last year...