Word: coal
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Lifting Its Face. Tucked into an area the size of Delaware, with 25 cities larger than Gary, Ind., and a population of 8,000,000, the Ruhr until recently turned out 85% of Germany's iron and steel and practically all of its hard coal. But competition from cheaper imports has leveled off its steel production, and the general switchover from coal to oil has cut its coal output 10% and cost the jobs of 100,000 Ruhr miners in the last five years. Population and per capita income have grown more slowly in the Ruhr than...
...Ruhr's industrialists were slow to diversify, but lately they have begun to do so with zeal. In the most sweeping change, they have created a new oil industry to replace coal as a major source of power. Astride the groping arms of two major pipelines, refineries were built by several German companies and such international firms as Shell and British Petroleum. Where coal-based chemical plants once belched out dark and noisome fumes, modern petrochemical factories now cleanly crack oil into hundreds of new chemicals. A company called Chemische Werke Hüls has built the Ruhr...
...less on producing it than using it. Dozens of smokeless, smartly designed plants turn out machine tools, chemical equipment and truck bodies; General Motors' Opel subsidiary 18 months ago opened a $500 million factory for its new Kadett small cars at Bochum-symbolically built over an abandoned coal mine. At Essen and Dortmund, Krupp, Siemens and AEG have put up new plants to manufacture everything from turbogenerators to X-ray apparatus. Also sprouting are plants for electronics parts, TV sets, plate glass and clothing, as well as factories that turn out a cheap furniture; in honor of its city...
...Common Market were raised to a standard 9% (they now range from 4.5% in The Netherlands to 9% in Italy). What made the hike all the more remarkable was that members of the Common Market had disagreed so long and so furiously about it that the supranational European Coal and Steel Community, which is made up of the same six nations but has remained autonomous, stepped in and imposed its own decision on them...
...quite. While the Dutch and Italians exulted, the Coal and Steel Community's High Authority, which has the power to overrule its member nations, hastily met. It took only 15 minutes before High Authority President Rinaldo Del Bò, himself an Italian, emerged to announce that "with deepest regret" the High Authority had found it "indispensable" to raise the tariff on steel. That gave the higher-tariff backers the right to put the new rates into effect immediately, although those that oppose them can still appeal for a judgment by the Common Market's Court of Justice...