Word: coal
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...knelt, in his gleaming white cas sock, to kiss the earth of Poland, his countrymen converged upon him in joyful and dumbfounding millions. Babies, brought to be kissed or blessed. Grandmothers in bandannas. The teenage young flocking to him like rock fans afflicted with Beatlemania. Hard-faced coal miners, pampered by the workers' party, gathering around him by tens of thousands and roaring out the words of the hymn Christus Vincit (Christ Conquers), while the first Polish Pope in the history of the Catholic Church sang right along with them in his fine baritone...
Instead of competing with others for scarce supplies, the U.S. might be wiser to take the lead in developing alternative sources, like making oil from shale rock and coal, which would help break OPEC's lock. More and more, energy experts are coming to the view that Government will have to provide grants and guarantees to help get alternative energy industries going, much as the Government's Reconstruction Finance Corp. helped establish the synthetic rubber industry during World War II. The Administration is beginning to show some interest in such ideas, but it wants the money to come...
...next two decades and moderate the fast approaching oil-fueled recession, it must secure supplementary supplies of reasonably priced, politically unfettered energy. Given the OPEC stranglehold, that means developing as rapidly as possible alternative sources of power. The U.S. has changed energy sources before, first from wood to coal and later to oil, and each conversion has led to a new burst of investment, innovation and prosperity. While some of today's energy alternatives may seem like a step backward, they could collectively contribute more than 25% of the country's energy needs by the year 2000. Says...
...Coal Conversion. The U.S. has just over a quarter of the world's known reserves of coal. But coal is expensive to transport and heavily polluting. One solution: convert it into gas or oil. Neither idea is new; London's street lights last century were powered by coal gas, and during World War II Germany fueled its planes and tanks with coal oil. The conversion involves heating the coal to very high temperatures under high pressure so that it decomposes and gives off oils, carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases, which then have to be passed through a catalyst...
South Africa, loaded with coal but shy on oil and boycotted by most of OPEC, leads the world in coal-to-oil technology. Converting coal since the 1950s, South Africa now produces 10% of its oil and gas from coal. The Pretoria government has commissioned Fluor Corp. to build two new plants for $6.7 billion that will produce more than 80,000 bbl. of oil per day by 1983. The process requires 1 ton of coal for 1 bbl. of oil. South Africa keeps cost figures secret, but outside estimates of close to $30 per bbl. make conversion only...