Word: coale
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...amount of insulation in Earth’s atmosphere due to greenhouse gases released from the combustion of coal, oil, and gas is well established, and it now overwhelms much of the natural decadal and centennial climate variability. This realization has led to the widely accepted scientific assessment that most of the warming over the past 50 years is due to human activity...
...most of this century, Beulah, N. Dak., was a sleepy prairie town with two grocery stores and a pair of gas stations. Founded in 1913 and named for the niece of the region's largest landowner, Beulah was populated mostly by farmers and coal miners. Then, in 1978, the Department of Energy announced that it would finance a $2.1 billion commercial synthetic-fuels plant, the first in the U.S., to be built on the outskirts of Beulah. Operated by a five-member consortium of energy companies, including Tenneco and Transco Energy, the 600-acre project would turn coal into natural...
...time. Created in 1980, the Synthetic Fuels Corporation had a monstrous initial budget of $15 billion. At the time, some experts expected the price of imported oil to reach $60 per bbl. by the end of the decade. The only solution seemed to be a drive to convert coal reserves, like those underlying the Great Plains site, to synthetic gas or oil. The SFC's first grandiose goal called for the U.S. to produce the equivalent of 2 million bbl. of crude oil a day by 1992, replacing about 50% of imports...
...There's a swagger among miners from Mount Isa to Perth, and it's largely thanks to China. Last year, exports to the country soared: nickel by 88%, coal 72%, copper 35%. No longer do miners feel outdated and outsmarted by the dotcom people. China's growing metal consumption is pushing up prices across the board, giving companies the upside they need to commit to exploration and mining projects. Comalco, owned by Rio Tinto, recently commissioned an alumina refinery at Gladstone in central Queensland, the first plant of its kind to be built in the world for 20 years...
...China's hunger for resources has also exposed inadequacies in Australia's infrastructure and work practices. Exports could have been even higher. Long queues of ships kept waiting off Dalrymple Bay in Queensland to load coking coal for China symbolize the problems. In this year's iron ore negotiations, Chinese buyers settled for a 71.5% price increase (BHP Billiton, fresh from securing a 25-year supply contract, had sought to double its price via a rise in the freight rate it charges mills). Chinese officials say supply bottlenecks are to blame for the price hikes. Ambassador Fu has raised...