Word: coaling
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Dates: during 1920-1929
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...Williams, who was formerly vice-president of the Hydraulic Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio, has worked for considerable periods of time during the past three years as an unskilled laborer, under an assumed name, in steel miles, coal mines, ship yards, and railway roundhouses, both in America and in Europe. With these experiences as a background, Mr. Williams has written several articles and books on the psychology of labor and social problems. He has been delivering a series of lectures in the Graduate School of Business Administration during the past month of "Industrial Management" and "Labor Problems...
...amount that may be accomplished by cooperation between the laborer and the 'man higher up' is really surprising" continued Mr. Williams. "The coal mines of the Saar Valley offer a striking example of this. These mines, in a district which is under the supervision of the League of Nations, are worked by German laborers, with French engineers, representing the French government in charge of the men. One would naturally suppose that the war being over such a short time, a great amount of friction and hard feeling would exist between the Frenchmen and the Germans. Instead of this the workingman...
...Williams spent several months in the spring and summer of 1921 investigating conditions in the coal-mining districts around Lens and Douai in northern France, besides visiting the Saar Valley section. As a part of his investigation he spent ten days working in one of the mines near Lens, laboring and living under the very same conditions as the workers themselves...
...Federal Administration for a period of twenty-six months. During this time there occurred enormous increases in wages, standardization of working rules and conditions of employment which also resulted in large payroll increases, and at the same time the cost of all materials consumed by the railroads including coal, was steadily mounting Freight and passenger; rates were also increased by the Federal Administration, but did not keep pace with the increases in wages and other operating expenses. As a result when the roads were turned back to private management on March 1, 1920, it was no longer a question merely...
...year 1922 gave promise of improved conditions, but the loss in revenue due to the coal strike and extra expense incident to the shopmen's strike have proved severe handicaps. Present indications are that with reasonable freedom from labor troubles, and with a normal volume of traffic, the railroads in general may eventually earn the 5 3-4 percent return which the Interstate Commerce Commission have now fixed as a fair rate of income. There is danger, however, that at the least sign of improvement there will be a general demand for further rate reductions. Lower transportation costs are greatly...