Word: coaling
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Because they cling to obsolete slogans," thundered Gaullist Minister François Missoffe last week, "the unions will suffer the same fate as the political parties and be demolished." But things did not work out quite that way. In France's northern coal fields, 188,000 miners wore smiles of victory as they trooped back to the pits after their bitter 35-day strike. Defying a government antistrike decree that could have resulted in fines, firings and jail terms, the miners had won an immediate 6.5% pay boost that will rise to 12.5% by next April...
...ENERGY. Demand for energy is expected to triple by the end of the century. Oil and natural gas will gradually decline in importance as the most productive fields are exhausted. Large coal reserves may take their place, and oil shale and lignite may be used. Atomic energy will provide at least half of all U.S. electricity in the year...
Some 760 billion tons of coal still lie beneath the U.S., and for a while it looked as if most of it might stay there. But persistent rumors of the coal industry's death, brought on by its own inefficiency and the threat of oil and gas. proved to be premature. Last week, as the National Coal Policy Conference met in Washington, coal company executives happily surveyed their expanding markets. It would have seemed absurd only a few years ago, but now they are expected to double their annual production by the end of the century, to 1 billion...
PARIS, April 7--Many French coal miners are deeply dissatisfied with the settlement which ended their 35-day strike Wednesday. Although some striking miners held out through Friday for better terms, they gave up Friday night. In both the Northern mine fields and at Pas-de-Calais almost all miners were back at work underground Saturday...
...strike was not due totally, as some American news magazines have implied, to de Gaulle's belligerence. Coal as a source of energy is on its way out in France, as it is in the United States. While many Frenchmen were stirred by the discipline and courage the miners showed--especially during the last two weeks of the strike, when there was very little for them to eat--there is nevertheless widespread understanding that coal must give way to gas as a source of energy if the French economy is to continue to expand. De Gaulle may say this...