Word: coaling
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...changes that are taking place in Europe, one that has gone almost unnoticed outside the Continent itself is an upheaval among Europe's sources of energy. By 1970, the Common Market's need for power to fuel its growth will have almost doubled. To Europe's coal industry, long the basic power supplier of the Continent, this need should be good news-but it is not. Just as the U.S. switched in the late 1940s from dependence on coal to oil and natural gas, Europe today is undergoing a basic power change that threatens its $7 billion...
Productivity in European coal mines has not kept pace with wages, and coal prices are high: U.S. coal, even with transportation costs tacked on, sells in Germany for $15 a ton v. $17 for local coal. In the Ruhr valley, which digs 50% of Common Market coal, 24 pits have been closed since 1958, and six more are shutting down this year; frequent processions of silent, protesting miners carrying banners attest to the human consequences. Ten years ago, the 225 million tons of coal that Britain mined each year represented 91% of all the energy it consumed; by last year...
...Europe's factories, trains and homes will soon hum, run and heat on oil, and a few steel mills right in the Ruhr valley are now fired by oil. In 1960, the Common Six consumed 87 million tons of oil, or 27% of all fuel used-while coal's share dropped to 54%. By 1970, oil imports will raise the total to 48%. The discovery of natural gas in Italy's Po valley, in France's Lacq, and at a newly found field at Groningen in The Netherlands, add a new rival for coal...
Unlike the U.S. when it made its changeover from coal, Europe does not have nearly enough natural gas to supply its needs for many years to come, and has practically no oil of its own beyond minor deposits along the North Sea coast. It hopes to increase its natural gas supplies until they can supply 6% of the power market by 1970, but for oil, it must depend indefinitely on the outside. To keep their oil supply as cheap as possible, Europeans try to pit one oil-producing nation against another, and vary their sources of supply...
...West Virginia" and many people think of moonshining and coal mining, relief checks and bare feet. To erase this doleful public image, the West Virginia Centennial Commission decided to do something real cultural to celebrate the state's 100th anniversary: hold an art contest and give a prize of $1,963 for the painting that would best show what West Virginia is really like...