Word: coding
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...austere CIA headquarters, a bas-relief plaque with Allen Dulles' likeness bears the inscription: "His Monument Is Around Us." It has been 40 years since Secretary of State Henry Stimson disbanded the only U.S. code-breaking operation then in existence with the scornful remark, "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." Allen Dulles was a gentleman, but he also had a bent for reading other people's mail that was ingenious and invaluable...
...battle stretching from last spring to this fall, the Rufo firm unsuccessfully sought an amendment to the City's zoning code to allow it to build an apartment house-office building complex on the Baird site over twice as large as zoning permitted for the site...
...P.O.W.s who collaborated were condemned as a disgrace to the U.S. military tradition. Marine Colonel Frank Schwable, who confessed under sustained torture to the U.S. use of germ warfare, was cleared by a court of inquiry, but his career was ruined. The hysteria was climaxed by a rigid superstoical Code of Conduct promulgated by President Eisenhower in 1955. Still in force technically, it requires every P.O.W. to resist his captors, to try to escape and help others escape, to reveal nothing beyond name, rank, number and date of birth-all "to the utmost of my ability...
Defenders of the code insisted it was necessary to discipline P.O.W.s, whose stamina had supposedly declined so sadly since World War II. But as Defense Department researchers continued to look into the matter, the truth turned out to be otherwise. Prisoners in Korea held up no better and no worse than P.O.W.s in other wars. In World War II, so many U.S. prisoners in German and Japanese camps talked so freely that a Defense Department report concluded: "It is virtually impossible for anyone to resist a determined interrogator." In addition to revealing military facts, U.S. prisoners in World...
...that they have a broader understanding of the plight of the P.O.W., some factions within the State and Defense departments want to liberalize the Code of Conduct. They include Averell Harriman, who was put in charge of P.O.W. affairs at State almost three years ago. Flyers imprisoned in Viet Nam have signed many confessions-a situation that Harriman's aide, Frank Sieverts, finds predictable enough. "The code says a prisoner can't sign anything, but those who have given it any thought know the only practical answer is 'yes, he can sign,' " says Sieverts. Neither...