Word: communal
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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...Japanese peasant is rigidly controlled by 1) rural custom, 2) government edict. Embree gives the intricate design of that control, suggests its points of stress. Suye Mura, like thousands of Japanese farming villages, is largely sustained by work exchange and other forms of communal cooperation. Farmers cooperate with their neighbors in rice growing, financing the needy (a credit pool is often a form of lottery that continues for years), bridge building, house building, roof repairing, funeral arrangements, and frequent drinking parties celebrating the completion of farming jobs or such vital events as birth, marriage, or the sending of a conscripted...
...view, it particularly delighted British reviewers by a mixture of sympathy and picturesqueness not unlike that in the novels of Julia Peterkin. In their primitive state (the subject of some 100 early pages) the Kikuyu people were well-built, well-adjusted savages, who observed strict tribal laws combining communal ownership of land with private initiative as regards goats and wives, the latter being worth about 30 of the former plus a batch of sugar-cane beer. Occasionally they fought a battle with the tall, handsome Masai. Their medicine man shrewdly advised them on all important matters...
...villages, where officials can keep an eye on them. To millions of hard-working peasants this meant the loss of painfully wrought improvements. And some collective-farm managers, with a characteristically Russian excess of zeal, have confiscated all private plots, legal or not, and ejected counter-revolutionary cattle from communal pastures...
...City property was communal, money abolished, law-breaking punished with crucifixion. But Utopias under arms are even less durable than Utopias in peace. End of Spartacus' briefly brilliant career came when asthmatic, cynical Marcus Crassus propped up the tottering Roman republic for a few more years by crushing the rebellion. Crassus celebrated his triumphal return by crucifying 6,000 of his captives along the Appian...
...Arabs were killed, 24 wounded, by a time bomb exploding in a vegetable market. British authorities believed Jews, probably of the Revisionist organization, the culprits. Arabs planned a general strike, while members of Haifa's Christian community asked the British High Commissioner to protect the Arab population. Jewish communal leaders hastened to condemn the "dastardly murder of innocent Arabs, women and children." and Chairman David Ben Gurion, of the Palestine Jewish Agency, again warned his people that "we must not sully our struggle with despicable acts of madness...