Word: communalism
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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While violence between the occupied and the occupiers stayed at a relatively low level in recent years, hardly a week went by in which an Israeli or Palestinian was not killed or injured in communal clashes. According to the West Bank Data Project, which studies economic and political trends in the territories, the number of demonstrations averaged about 500 a year between 1977 and 1982, when Israel invaded Lebanon. Since then, the number of protests has ranged from 3,000 a year to 4,400. In terms of Arab unhappiness, says Meron Benvenisti, an outspoken Israeli liberal who runs...
...patriotic themes dominate the 19th century pieces, although their combinations of colors and designs are hardly naive. The surprises in the book are the contemporary works -- vibrant abstractions such as Yvonne Porcella's Ginza (1984) and Michael James' Rhythm Color: Bacchanale (1986) -- that indicate the evolution of this intensely communal craft into a personal art form...
...includes a whole cornucopia of beliefs, fads, rituals; some subscribe to some parts, some to others. Only on special occasions, like the highly publicized "harmonic convergence" in August, do believers in I Ching or crystals gather together with believers in astral travel, shamans, Lemurians and tarot readers, for a communal chanting of om, the Hindu invocation that often precedes meditation. Led on by the urgings of Jose Arguelles, a Colorado art historian who claimed that ancient Mayan calendars foretold the end of the world unless the faithful gathered to provide harmony, some 20,000 New Agers assembled at "sacred sites...
...anyone. Buthelezi was appointed to his post by the Pretoria government and receives "a not-ungenerous salary from the South African state." (11) The original idea for a Kwazulu-Natal indaba came from the South African Sugar Association, seeking to protect its sugar estates from falling under the communal land tenure that prevails on the Kwazulu bantustan. It was seconded by the Buthelezi Commission, which hoped to separate political planning "from popular participation, and placed decision-making in consensus sessions between leaders representing various constituencies...
...Huntington is no dreamer. Back in 1981, hewarned that "consociational arrangements tend tobreak down when increasing social mobilizationundermines the authority of the leaders whonegotiated the arrangement and new, youngerleaders appear." (15) Such mobilization wouldappear to have already occurred in South Africa,although not precisely along the communal linesHuntington expected. Today, there is widespreadopposition to the government, and broad oppositionto any reforms imposed either by government or byassorted elites. Despite massive repression,people of all races continue to organizeresistance to apartheid; white liberals and Blacksstill call for one-person, one-vote in a unitarySouth Africa. If the preconditions forconsociational solutions include...