Word: communalized
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...combination of solitary reflection and spiritual guidance. The high hopes of the reformers proved, of course, impossibly Utopian-probably in theory, certainly in practice. As crime increased, the prisons were soon overcrowded, and thus neither solitude nor guidance was any longer possible. More important, the breakdown of familial and communal controls that had made prisons necessary in the first place ensured that the prisons could not be successful-how does one reform in a year or two a personality that has been deformed by a decade or two of neglect or abuse...
...channel constructive ones. Today there are virtually no institutions left to invent: crime increases in spite of police, prisons, and public and private government. For a long time, and to our great disadvantage, we clung to the myth that there was a bureaucratic or governmental alternative to familial and communal virtue, that what parents, neighbors, and friends had failed to do, patrolmen, wardens, counselors and psychiatrists could provide. We struggled to maintain the hope that the police and schools could prevent crime and that prisons and treatment programs could rehabilitate criminals...
...enter our Bicentennial year confused, properly humbled, but not necessarily despondent. The conditions of life in the innermost parts of many of our older cities have become, in Thomas Hobbes' phrase, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." The near collapse of family structure and communal life in these areas has created, for tens of thousands of people, especially young ones, a social catastrophe that the conventional institutions of a free society are, in the short run, powerless to correct. But for different people and at different times, much the same thing happened: in the cities of the 1830s...
...immigrant reaction was swift and sudden. The Jews' strong communal sense, Howe suggests, opened them to the socialist organization brought by radicals arriving from Warsaw and Vilna after 1905. Socialism became for the Jews a belief, as idealistic fervor, which, the immigrants hoped, would bring the actuality of their American world closer to their original vision of it. The new Bund leaders snatched their chances in the shirtwaist makers strike of 1909 which made of a brave but undisciplined group of female shopworkers the members of a recognized ILGW union and a year later, in the cloak-makers strike which...
...Yiddishkeit as the culture of the postponed decision. The "modernized" fiction of Yiddish culture grappled with universal themes of class struggle, personal relations and urban anomie as well as with the Jewish experience in eastern Europe. Uneasy Yiddish theater, trapped between the artistic aspirations of its playwrights and the communal experiences clamoured for by its audiences, emerged as brilliant, outrageous theatricality, a cross between a synogogue and a bawdy house, as the poet Moshe Lieb Halpern called it. At the center of this precarious world was The Forward, a socialist paper published daily in Yiddish by the remarkable Abraham Cahan...