Word: communalized
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...named for the presiding judge), which allegedly held some current leaders of the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) culpable for the destruction of the mosque, provoked scuffles in Parliament, offering a reminder that beneath the "Shining India" image of modernity the BJP had once proclaimed lie some ugly, unresolved communal tensions...
...demolition and to have done little to stop it. The almost 1,000-page report comes at a particularly inopportune time for the BJP, whose leadership is increasingly fractured and subject to internal power struggles. As it seeks to rebrand itself for a younger electorate that sees communal politics as a thing of the past, the BJP is struggling for an identity. "Ideologically, the BJP is in deep crisis," says Jyotirmaya Sharma, professor of political science at the University of Hyderabad. "If it thinks this [controversy] might bring it back, that's a mistake." (See TIME's special report about...
...Prime Minister Singh's government is trying to calm emotions by taking a forward look, suggesting new measures to guard against communal violence. Among its proposals is a new law stating that no political leader in the government would be allowed to simultaneously hold any position in any religious body. But many in India feel that such measures are beside the point, because India's youthful electorate has already left communal politics behind. "These are things of a distant past," says Sharma. "Hindutva, the right-wing philosophy hasn't worked in over two elections and it's not going...
Ancient Rome is famous for its public bathhouses - the Baths of Caracalla are six times larger than St. Paul's Cathedral and could serve 1,600 people at once - and the Roman commitment to hygiene didn't stop with just bathing. At one point Rome boasted 144 communal lavatories. The city's giant toilets, with their long, benchlike seats, were not used every day; for the most part, Romans threw their waste onto the streets...
...castle garderobe - a protruding room with a tiny opening out of which royalty would do their business. The garderobe was usually suspended over a moat that collected all manner of human discards, making for a particularly uninviting hurdle for an invading army. Peasants and serfs relieved themselves in communal privies located at the end of their streets, or in the case of those living along the London Bridge, right into the River Thames...