Word: commune
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...showing the ruins of the Palace of the Tuileries, the Ministry of Finance, the Vendome Column, City Hall, the Louvre Library, the Palace of the Legion of Honor and other buildings are now on public view in Widener Library. Elaborate street barricades manned by the soldiers of the Paris Commune are also pictured...
...photographs were taken by Sir Richard Wallace in Paris during the 1871 struggle between the Paris Commune and the army sent against the city by the anti-republican National Assembly government at Versailles at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian war, Sir Richard was an art connoisseur who made a study of the then new art of photography and his pictures of the ruins of Paris were unique. The photographs were in Sir Richard's town house in Paris until acquired by Mr. Spaulding...
...people of Paris, embittered against their government by the defeat of the French armies by the Prussians, had proclaimed the city a Commune or free town. When the government troops from Versailles marched into Paris and the defeat of the Commune appeared imminent, the Parisians destroyed the buildings which symbolized the past...
...years after Italy achieved unification by Vittorio Emanuele II's seizing Rome from the Papacy, and Pope Pius IX immured himself in his last possession as "the prisoner of the Vatican"; five years after the Paris proletariat bloodily introduced Europe to a new form of the state-the commune or soviet. The consequences of these events were to mark the highlights of the career of Eugenio Pacelli and of the world...
Since Marx and Engels, in the Communist Manifesto of 1848, proclaimed that "a spectre is haunting Europe-the spectre of Communism," Marxists had always, in theory, worked for world revolution. The First International had been broken after the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871; the Second (Socialist) International had been irreparably weakened by World War I; but neither had committed suicide. And the Third International was a creation of modern Russia's founder, Stalin's master, Nikolai Lenin. Summoned by that greatest of revolutionaries, 51 delegates from 30 countries, including the U.S., met in Moscow in March...