Word: communisms
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Until the fall of communism, he returned only once to the country, in 1977. "I began to have more identity as a Czech comparatively recently," he says. "To tell you the truth, I think it was my mother dying about 10 years ago that gave me permission to be Czech. Because my mother's whole attitude was to leave the past behind. So I tended to kind of just respect her attitude." A pause. "That's not the whole truth. The fact is, I loved being English. I was very happy to be turned into an English schoolboy...
Spared the thorough destruction suffered by left-bank Warsaw in WW II, the area has preserved the 19th and early 20th century buildings not found elsewhere in the Polish capital. Under communism, it became home to the poorest of the poor, and its petty crime scared off most Varsovians...
Turnout in Polish elections has been declining since the end of communism as voters have grown increasingly disillusioned with their politicians. On Sunday that disillusionment became a spur as hundreds of thousands of mainly younger voters turned out to repudiate the populist political style of Prime Minister Jaroslaw Kaczynski, whose Law and Justice Party (PIS) was defeated after just two years in office. The turnout was especially high in larger cities such as Krakow, Gdansk and the capital Warsaw (where it reached 70%) and in the huge 1.2 million strong Polish diaspora in Britain and Ireland; it was correspondingly...
Although both feminism and Communism have laid claim to Lessing, she avoids being identified with movements or ideologies, political or literary. She refuses to settle for simple answers or received wisdom, and she has never been afraid to commit heresy. In the 1970s she began experimenting with science fiction - it is unlikely that any other Nobel laureate could lay claim to a work like her 1994 novel The Making of the Representative for Planet 8, about an eco-catastrophe on a distant world. In August Lessing published a new novel, The Cleft, in which she re-imagines the history...
...obstinate defense of Polish interests in Brussels and for their seeming paranoia about enemies at home. But the PIS is no joke, and it would be a mistake to underestimate its domestic appeal, which is rooted in widespread anxiety about the blistering pace of change since the fall of communism in 1989. Many Poles feel that change was forced on them by corrupt, distant and overeducated leaders. "There is a huge tradition in Poland of the masses grumbling about the nobility," says one Western diplomat. "The PIS is reaching out to all those people who have not been recognized...