Word: communisms
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...father of Russian cinema, is best known for his theory of film-as-montage. He positioned himself as a manipulator of space and time whose role it was to contribute to the foundation of a new Russia after the revolution of 1917: the end of czarism, the beginning of communism...
Sakurov’s technical innovation is meta-historical argument: a refutation and rejection of Eisenstein, a reconsideration of Russia from czarism, through communism, to the present...
...such devastating results are predictable under these policies. In the first decade of Communism, Russia reversed from being the world’s largest grain exporter to the largest importer. Output plunged such that 7 million Russians starved while another 10 million were narrowly saved by Western donations. Similar mass starvation followed socialized “land reforms” in Eastern Europe, China and post-colonial Africa...
When the decade began, the world was defined clearly by a sharp split between democracy and communism. That schism became tangible on the night of Aug. 13, 1961, when East Germany's communist rulers began to build a wall around West Berlin, and the divide threatened to destroy the world a year later, on Oct. 15, 1962, when the U.S. discovered Soviet warheads in Cuba, setting off the 13-day showdown of the Cuban missile crisis...
Sept. 11 brought home a terrible truth. It revealed a mortal enemy, even more fanatical than the vanquished scourges of the 20th century (fascism and communism), lying this time in the bosom of the Arab world. It was temporarily housed in Afghanistan, but it was not Afghan. It has non-Arab Islamic adherents, but it is not pan-Islamic. It does not speak for all Arabs, but it does speak to Arab frustrations, failures and fantasies, what Fouad Ajami has called "the dream palace of the Arabs...