Word: computerizes
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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What saved the fledgling industry was the discovery that applied artificial intelligence could produce concrete results when properly used. In 1978 the Massachusetts-based Digital Equipment Corp. joined forces with AI Theoretician John McDermott of Carnegie Mellon University to develop XCon (for Expert Configurator), a system to assist salesmen in...
IBM was a latecomer to the second wave. It was not until 1984 that Schorr, a respected computer designer within the company, was assigned to take corporate responsibility for artificial-intelligence projects. "Three years ago it became apparent that this technology had gone past the research phase and had become...
Rule-based systems such as XCon and DEFT, however, still have drawbacks. When asked a question, the expert system blindly searches through its data base to see which rules apply, then searches through the data base again to find the data for the rule. More sophisticated knowledge systems store information...
Pilots are not the only ones worrying about the reliability of sophisticated military expert systems. Terry Winograd, an AI pioneer turned critic who is now at Stanford, has formed a Palo Alto-based group called Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility to oppose the use of second-wave systems in military...
In the near term, the future of the second wave will involve novel applications built with existing software technology such as frames and rules. It has already produced some unanticipated benefits. Companies have discovered, for example, that their engineers use the technology as a reasoning tool. While in the past...