Word: conceptive
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...contradiction in all human beings of the need to belong and at the same time to differentiate themselves. My argument is that societies do not usually enslave their own members, except for what is perceived as anti-social behavior. Between the Dark Ages and Columbian contact ? aided by the concept of Christendom ? Europe came to form an important element in the collective identities (that is the way people saw themselves as a group) of all western European peoples. Thus the French, Germans, English, etc. would fight each other and among themselves, but came to see slavery as a fate reserved...
...ELTIS: To continue from the previous answer, the insider-outsider divide was, for whatever reason, much more localized in sub-Saharan Africa. "Africa" as a concept had no meaning for early modern Africans, so that the answer to the question of how could Africans enslave other African, is that they did not know they were African. Thus, on the coast both Europeans and Africans traded outsiders. In addition slavery in Africa was an important method of recruitment for the kinship group ? and the kin group was perhaps more important than the individual as the basic unit of society. Slaves conferred...
...ELTIS: Early modern Europeans were, obviously, first of all French or Dutch or English or Spanish, but in addition had some concept of "Europeanness." Africans identified with some much smaller political/cultural/religious entity. The trauma of the slave trade and slavery meant that in the New World Europeans added "whiteness" to their self-concept. Africans on both sides of the Atlantic also broadened their concepts of collective identity. European colonies extended rights of denization (a preliminary to citizenship) to those coming from any part of Europe ? including Jews ? before such rights were available in the respective mother countries. Evidence from slave...
...moment, however, the University must develop a clear policy on how it will respond to copyright infringement by students. Should Metallica or other artists inform the University of cases of copyright infringement, the DMCA would require Harvard to remove the network access of repeat offenders. Yet the concept of a "repeat" offender is not well-defined, and we encourage the University to use restraint in removing students' access to the network. Official warnings should be sufficient in most cases to scare students into compliance, and the heavy penalty of losing network access--which, Dean of the College Harry R. Lewis...
...concept had lodged itself in his head, and he couldn't shake it. He began taking his notebook computer everywhere--to basketball games and the pizzeria--and tapping away on it, working out some basic programming kernels and wondering if this were even possible...