Word: conflict
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...atrocities in Northern Ireland, one of his favorite issues. In November, after a bomb planted by the Irish Republican Army killed eleven people in the town of Enniskillen, Livingstone caused another furor by saying Ulster was Britain's Viet Nam and predicting that the I.R.A. would win the conflict. Livingstone defied Kinnock by demanding that Britain cut its defense budget and withdraw from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. By warning of a civil war within the party, he embarrassed Kinnock into dropping plans for a review of Labor's nonnuclear defense policy...
Dissent in East Germany flows from a patchwork of diverse little groups whose aims sometimes conflict. Some seek immigration to the West; others want to stay and press for greater civil liberties; still others focus on environmental issues. The groups have received support and protection from East Germany's Protestant churches, which have enjoyed improved relations with the regime since Honecker met with church leaders...
Kennedy's study is actually two books in one. The subtitle -- "Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000" -- accurately describes the , bulk of the contents: a sweeping survey of the shifting balance of power over five centuries. The book could easily serve as an introductory history text for very bright undergraduates. But Kennedy is not content to end his story in the present. His final chapter, "To the 21st Century," ventures to predict which nations will prosper and decline in the near future. Astrologers do this sort of thing all the time; when a respected historian tries...
Since independence 40 years ago, the Israel Defense Forces have proved a formidable fighting force in five major conflicts and a seemingly endless guerrilla war with the Palestine Liberation Organization. Today, however, the 104,000-strong standing army of the I.D.F. is mired in a different -- and more deeply frustrating -- kind of mission: containing the uprising of 1.4 million Palestinians no longer willing to submit to Israel's 20-year rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. That conflict is producing serious moral and emotional problems for many of the 7,000 soldiers on duty in the occupied territories...
Kennedy's final analysis also errs in one unmentioned, but ultimately significant respect. He equates the influence of military power in the world of the 1600s with that of the world of the 1980s. But we live in a much different world with different dynamics of military conflict which can be summarized in two words: The Bomb...