Word: congressed
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Research money does not require a single direct authorization from Congress. It comes instead from more than a score of different agencies, which budget research and development funds for long-range goals, then distribute the funds on a project-by-project basis to whoever can do the job best. In 1968, the federal government was obliged to spend $17 billion on research and development--an eighth of the total federal budget. Only 9 per cent (or 13 per cent if university-run federal contract research laboratories are included) of this research money went to universities. The bulk...
...SECOND route, the scholarship route, is a new one. Congress is in direct control of funds that go to universities this way. Debates on education bills are usually lengthy and appropriations extend over three or four years. The Office of Education administers programs under these general education bills. In 1968, the agency was authorized to distribute $4714 million under the extended 1963 Facilities Act, $397 million under NDEA, and $427 million under the 1965 Higher Education Act extended...
...routes involve different sets of political situations. The permanent government distributes research funds, and Congress distributes scholarship (and facility) funds. It is important to see how these two controlling powers handle the money they distribute...
...permanent government is interested in buying a product from universities--research. It is not "aiding" higher education; the Congress "aids" it through NDEA and the Higher Education Act. The permanent government is relatively insulated from external political pressure; Congress is not insulated at all. In an examination of instances of direct federal control over higher education through the weight of funding (the NDEA oath, for example) we find that it has been Congress, not he permanent government, that has been involved--even though the Congressional share of total support is very small. The permanent government has consistently opposed Congress...
Last spring, in reaction to Columbia and other campus eruptions, Congress attached several "antiriot" amendments to student aid legislation. The first of these was included in the Independent Offices Appropriations Act, which was signed into law October 8, 1968. It applies only to NSF funds, denying them to individuals who refuse to "obey a lawful regulation on order of such institution that such refusal was of a serious nature and contributed to the disruption of the administration of such institution, then the institution shall deny any further payment to, or for the benefit of, such individual...