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...20th century. Flushable valves, water tanks that rest on top of the bowl rather than above, toilet-paper rolls (invented in 1890 but not heavily marketed until 1902) - these minor improvements seem like necessities now. And if you think the toilet hasn't changed recently, think again: in 1994 Congress passed the Energy Policy Act, requiring common flush toilets to use only 1.6 gallons of water, less than half of what they consumed before. The "low flow" law left a lot of consumers dissatisfied (and a lot of toilets clogged) until companies developed better models, many of which...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: A Brief History of Toilets | 11/19/2009 | See Source »

After the talk, I found myself wondering how these banks grew so large in the first place. In 1999, Congress passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, allowing retail banks (which accept deposits and issue personal loans), investment banks (which trade securities and manage corporate acquisitions), and insurers to merge. Subsequently, the pace of bank mergers accelerated, creating gigantic one-stop financial shops. When these banks teetered on the brink last year, Congress, fearing that their collapse would cause economic cataclysm, was forced to bail them...

Author: By Anthony P. Dedousis | Title: Too Big to Fail is Too Big | 11/19/2009 | See Source »

Applications to participate are due Dec. 1 and are available online. Mayor Simmons said that the climate congress should reflect “the huge diversity that is present in our city...

Author: By Andrew Z. Lorey, CONTRIBUTING WRITER | Title: City To Hold Climate Congress | 11/18/2009 | See Source »

...essentially a military trial - is the oldest system of justice in the United States, predating even the Constitution and Declaration of Independence. The roots of military law stretch back to ancient Rome, where it was adopted to enforce discipline within the ranks, especially among mercenaries. In 1775, the Continental Congress met at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War and adopted the Articles of War based on Britain's military code. The system was not heavily used in World War I, but in World War II some 2 million people were court-martialed for varying offenses, resulting in 80,000 felony...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: The Court-Martial | 11/18/2009 | See Source »

...traditionally been stricter and more sweeping than civilian law - the Bill of Rights did not automatically apply to soldiers - but since World War II, military trials have come to more closely resemble civilian trials. Different branches of the armed forces used varying military codes until 1950, when Congress enacted the Uniform Code of Military Justice, now the basis of the military-justice system. Under the code, defendants share many of the same rights as civilians, including the right against self-incrimination and guaranteed access to counsel. But important differences still remain: jury members are chosen by the officer convening...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: The Court-Martial | 11/18/2009 | See Source »

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