Word: conquests
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LIKE OTHER imperial powers, Tsarist Russia was motivated by several factors as it expanded. Originally landlocked, Russia sought year-round ports with open access to trade routes. Mindful of the dangers of massive invasion after the Napoleonic conquest of Moscow, the Russians sought buffer states to protect their frontiers. They looked for foreign markets and economic spheres of interest in central Asia and Manchuria. Generally, their imperialism developed on the lines established by the other imperial powers...
While the Jews seem to have retreated from the idea of sacred conquest to an ethic of self-defense, early Islam moved the other way. When his group was still small in the early years at Medina, Mohammed preached a doctrine of self-defense. "Fight against those who fight against you," Allah warns in the Koran's second sura. "But begin not hostilities. Allah loves not aggressors...
...very word jihad is ambiguous. In some parts of the Koran, it means any "struggle" or "striving" in the cause of Allah-such as leading a righteous life. But in other sections of the holy book, revealed to the Prophet after he and his followers had begun the successful conquest of their Arab neighbors, jihad takes on a military tone. Small wonder: Mohammed is said to have led 26 or 27 battles...
...Zayyat: We have nothing against the Israelis as Semites or as Jews. What we have against the rulers of Israel is their aggressive and colonialist policy. Israel has never tried to gain acceptance of its presence in the area, only to impose itself through arms and conquest. The idea that you can speak only from the mouth of a gun has always been Israel's idea, inherited perhaps from the Europe of the 1930s...
Built-in Rigidity. Many biological researchers believe that the plan has built-in rigidity that they fear could stifle creative thinking. But the most frequently heard criticism of the plan concerns the de-emphasis of basic research. "It's ridiculous to compare the conquest of cancer with putting a man on the moon,"* says Dr. Robert Good, director of Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York City. "At the time the Apollo project was initiated, we knew all the basic information we had to know in order to go to the moon. We simply do not have...