Word: consent
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Science for the People began pressuring Walzer in the early 70s, and the investigator's research procedures changed slightly over the next five years--partly, apparently, in response to the group's objections. Walzer's group has modified greatly the extent to which it requires informed consent of all participants in the study. Initially, patients in the maternity hospital were "informed" that male babies would be tested only because the hospital's brochure noted the tests, without reference to the charged nature of the study. When a test for the extra chromosome was positive, an investigator would approach the parents...
...nebulous nature of just how informed this informed consent was became a major issue in the effort to halt the research. It was also the issue that attracted the attention of two outside organizations: the Washington-based Children's Defense Fund (CDF) and the Massachusetts Advocacy Center. Informed consent was a legal consideration, not as important to Science for the People as the political matters at the heart of research, but critical to CDF, a group whose concerns include the rights of children who are the subjects of medical experimentation. "The legal issue, while the narrowest, was also the best...
...left the parent, anxious over the development of her child, no real choice as to participation in the investigation. Either as a result of the outside pressure (Brown and Beckwith say) or as a result of increasingly restrictive legislation regarding informed conseent (Gerald says), Walzer began obtaining written consent from mothers to take blood tests on their boys...
This hardly solved the problem. The more crucial consent form--obtained from the XYY parents--did not detail the full extent of the investigation...
Assets Diverted. Before the meeting, however, Ashland signed a consent decree admitting to no guilt but promising, in effect, not to make illegal political donations in the future. It also bared many secrets. In June the company submitted a 539-page report, prepared by a special committee of the board, containing exhaustive information on how Ashland executives had managed to divert corporate assets into an $800,000 U.S. political slush fund that was kept hidden in a safe. The report also indicated that from 1967 to 1972 a CIA operative was on Ashland's payroll, and that...