Word: constitutionalized
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Most of the trouble can be traced to the fact that the U.S. Constitution forbids religious test oaths for any public official. Maryland's constitution does the same-but it also orders officials to declare "belief in the existence of God." In 1961, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld...
Cynics' Escape. Despite that decision, Maryland retained the God requirement in its 98-year-old constitution, as do six other states (Arkansas, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Texas, North and South Carolina). Maryland, though, was the only state requiring jurors to swear that God holds them "morally accountable," that they will be...
Civil War or not, Taney held that it was the duty of the court to maintain "with an even and firm hand the rights and powers of the Federal Government, and of the States, and of the citizens, as they are written in the Constitution ..." In a series of unpopular...
Dean Watson said yesterday that none of the clubs has a discriminatory clause in its constitution. "Harvard would certainly refuse to recognize any undergraduates organization that did," he said.
The question of de facto discrimination has been raised, however. In 1963 the Harvard-Radcliffe Association of African and Afro-American Students sought recognition with a constitution effectively excluding whites. The University refused, and AAAAS substituted a membership-by-election clause. This was commonly --though not officially -- regarded as a...