Word: constructivist
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...turning point came in 1923, when Gropius dismissed Itten and replaced him with the resolutely modern Hungarian Constructivist László Moholy-Nagy. In the same year, the school mounted an exhibition with the no-nonsense title "Art and Technology--A New Unity." The painter Oskar Schlemmer announced the back-on-track Bauhaus ethic in a polemic that was only partly tongue in cheek: "Death to the past, to moonlight, and to the soul...
...Born into a poor working-class Moscow family and trained as an artist in St. Petersburg, Filonov was part of the singular explosion of avant-garde art that blossomed in early 20th century Russia from the likes of Abstractionist Wassily Kandinsky, Supremacist Kasimir Malevich, Surrealist Marc Chagall and Constructivist Vladimir Tatlin. But Filonov never stayed with any school except his own, which he called "analytical art." It was in the eulogy to Filonov offered by the poet Alexei Kruchenykh, Futurism's major theoretician, that the exhibition's curators found their title, Witness of the Unseen...
...work led him to conclude that infants younger than 9 months have no innate knowledge of how the world works or any sense of "object permanence" (that people and things still exist even when they're not seen). Instead, babies must gradually construct this knowledge from experience. Piaget's "constructivist" theories were massively influential on postwar educators and psychologists, but over the past 20 years or so they have been largely set aside by a new generation of "nativist" psychologists and cognitive scientists whose more sophisticated experiments led them to theorize that infants arrive already equipped with some knowledge...
Luckily, things have changed, and the purpose of art has expanded greatly. Consider the function of photography in the imagery of Vietnam or the Great Depression, or the role of Constructivist art in uniting millions of Russians. Pop art forces us to examine our absurd consumer society by parodying such a culture. Art is an immensely powerful tool in shaping the way in which society sees the world in a particular context and reflecting upon that context...
Partially as a result of the first factor, and partially as a consequence of the rise of constructivist thought in pedagogy, the educational system fails to teach students about the march of human knowledge. Students are not given adequate background in basic logic and classical thought, and are thus not able to assess modern-day issues in their appropriate context. Their lack of training in logic leads to obvious complications. This also creates the problem that students are unable to engage when they are taken away from familiar ground...