Word: consulting
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...would never tolerate the brutality of the criminal punishments that were prevalent 200 years ago -- brandings, say, or the puncturing of nostrils. Notes Federal Appeals Court Judge Irving Kaufman: "I regard reliance on original intent to be a largely specious mode of interpretation. I often find it instructive to consult the framers when I am called upon to interpret the Constitution. But it is the beginning of my inquiry, not the end . . . The framers' legacy to modern times is the language and spirit of the Constitution, not the conflict and dated conceptions that lay beneath that language...
...most hotly debated proposals is a Senate bill introduced by Ohio Democrat Howard Metzenbaum. It would force companies to notify unions up to six months in advance of plant closings and substantial layoffs. A version that passed the House Labor Committee last week goes even further, requiring employers to consult with unions before making such decisions. "With advance notice, workers can begin to look for new jobs," says AFL-CIO Secretary- Treasurer Thomas Donahue. But critics charge that the bills would sharply limit management's flexibility. In an editorial, the Detroit News called the legislation "Metzen-bomb." Executives at Pittsburgh...
Within the Administration, there was a debate over whether to consult officially with Congress about the decision to protect Kuwaiti tankers. The 1973 War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress if American forces are being placed in "situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated." At a tense White House meeting, Chief of Staff Howard Baker and Attorney General Edwin Meese urged the President to invoke the War Powers Resolution while Weinberger and Secretary of State George Shultz argued against it. In the end, the President decided that the situation did not call for the resolution...
...Roosevelt put together the destroyer deal with an openness totally at odds with the actions of Oliver North and Richard Secord. The plan was debated in a full Cabinet meeting. Even though he was in the midst of a hard-fought re- election campaign, Roosevelt felt compelled to consult Wendell Willkie, his G.O.P. rival. In cooperation with Winston Churchill, the Administration constructed a legal loophole: trading the destroyers for military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda and the West Indies. While the matter was still being debated, a legal brief supporting the President's position was published in the New York Times...
...votes in the 120-member Knesset needed to bring about early elections. With Labor short of sufficient support, party officials feared that Likud, with the help of some small religious parties, would then be able to hang on until November 1988. Before leaving for the U.S. to consult with Secretary of State George Shultz, Peres was forced to announce that for the moment Labor would remain in the troubled government. But the dispute continued on another front: the Foreign Ministry refused to transmit to its embassies a Shamir message saying that the peace plan was dead...