Word: containerization
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When Marlon Brando starred in On the Waterfront (1954), the morning shape-ups of New York dock workers were pretty much as the movie portrayed them-noisy, brawling scenes of men fighting for the jobs available. No longer. Now longshoremen "badge in" at 7:30 a.m. at local hiring halls...
Initially, container cargo was limited to such high-value goods as machine tools and consumer products. Now shippers have devised ways to move everything from coffee beans to bulk chemicals in the cavernous boxes. These days container cargoes often include frozen food, fruit, yachts, trucks and even copies of Playboy...
The trend threatens to make longshoremen as redundant as pick-and-shovel coal miners. It once took 100 longshoremen working around-the-clock for a week to load and unload cargoes on a conventional freighter; 40 to 50 men can do the same job on a container ship in less...
As an alternative, the union demanded that along with an improved wage and benefits package, the companies strengthen a guaranteed annual wage clause that has been part of I.L.A. contracts since 1964. The clause provides that union members receive a minimum yearly salary whether or not there is work for...
Packed in a large metal container and invoiced as metaux ouvres (worked metal), the coin shipment was met at Paris' Gare de Bercy by Jean Trottin, 51, a driver for a truck-rental agency. He loaded the container onto a flatbed tractor-trailer truck for delivery to a Bank...