Word: coolant
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Alamos' Omega West is a swimming-pool-type research reactor whose fuel rods are suspended under 25 ft. of water, which acts not only as coolant and moderator but also shields its human operators from radioactivity. In the spring of 1958, physicists peering down through it saw that the water was getting cloudy. They called Chemist-Bacteriologist Eric B. Fowler of the laboratory's radioactive-waste disposal group, who found that it was swarming with microorganisms, about i billion per quart. The bugs turned out to be rod-shaped bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, which were feeding...
...Alamos' plasma thermocouple, the solid metals of a bimetallic thermocouple are replaced by a tiny (finch long) rod of uranium suspended inside a vacuum-sealed can that contains liquid cesium. The uranium is enriched with U-235. Around the cesium is a circulating coolant (see diagram). When the device is lowered inside a reactor, the uranium is bombarded by the neutrons generated by the reactor, causing the U-235 to fission and give off intense heat...
...charged particles (electrons wrenched from their atoms). As in conventional thermocouples, there is a flow of electric current between hot and cold: from the hot (2,000° C.) junction of the uranium and ionized cesium to the cold (300° C.) junction of the cesium and the oil coolant...
...CIRCLE/CTR AT, + 2, + 3, RADIUS, + 5." Meaning: "Turn on coolant, turn on spindle, go right with tool on left side along circle whose center is at x= +2,y = +3, with a radius of+5." This language is translated by a large computer that has been fed a set of cards punched with the APT grammar and vocabulary, thus has "learned" APT language. After it has read the APT instructions, the computer tests its solution with a blip of light that appears on a screen and goes through the motions that the machine tool is expected to make...
...friction, the X-15's skin is made of Inconel X, a heat-resisting alloy that keeps its shape at a brightly glowing 1,350° F., when aluminum and ordinary steel have long since softened. Liquid nitrogen, which will not support combustion, is used as a coolant for both pilot and equipment, and is also vaporized to maintain pressure in the plane's interior. The pilot, who cannot breathe pure nitrogen, will have a private oxygen atmosphere inside his space suit...